فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، تابستان 1392)

Iran-Syria alliance has been one of the significant events in the Middle East in the 1980s and 1990s. Despite their differences in language, race, religion and political structure, they have developed a strong alliance which has had profound effects on the region. This paper deals with two questions: First, why was this alliance established and maintained from 1979 to 2000? And second, how has it affected the regional balance of threat during that period? It is hypothesized that alliance between these two countries was developed to balance out threats posed by the common regional threats i.e. Iraq, Israel, and the US in the 1980s as well as the US, Israel, Turkey, and Iraq in the 1990s. Library and the Internet were used as two resources of gathering data and an explanatory method was employed in this study. Based on the study and analysis conducted, according to four criteria proposed by Stephan Walt in his Balance of Threat Theory, it was found that Iraq, Israel, and the US in the 1980s and the Israel, Turkey, and Iraq in the 1990s, were the major reason of the alliance formed between two countries and maintained from 1979 to 2000.

Issues about establishment of anti-missile systems go back to early years of Cold War era, but during the last decade, especially from the Bush’s presidential era and under the influence of his neo-conservatives administration, focusing on anti-missile defense systems has been speedup, consequently, these issues became more important. Moreover, Washington in practice achieved considerable successes in designing and setting up these systems in and out of its territorial borders. Particularly, 11 September events and suitable mental environment inducing from these incidents provide an atmosphere for US to legitimize the claim of America to defend its position in different way against threats hidden in the resultant between radicalism and technology. Therefore, Bush in a diplomatic note declared Americas exit of ABM treaty to Russia, Kazakhstan،, Ukraine and Belarus, thereafter raised some programs to establishment of anti-missile systems outside its borders. In spite of coming to power of Democrats in US, Obama's electoral promises and oreign oppositions especially from China and Russia to this program, US continues the establish of anti-missile defense systems and presentation of new programs with little changes and transitions. Despite Cold War's end and despite the shifting political elite in the United States, US has sought to advance anti-missile defense system plans. In this study, the hypothesis has been, United States is seeking global hegemony, And United States anti-missile defense systems as the military advantagese has been adopted in order to achieve global hegemony. Our findings suggest that compared to the Cold War era, after the Cold War, United States has more opportunities to advance Anti-missile Defense Systems.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization has achieved different political and economic successes in the region. China as a rising power has a key role in leading this organization. The Russians do their best to support the SCO. It seems that the US perspective is a security one as the SCO attempts to keep unilateralism isolated. So the SCO is changing the political map in the region. This kind of reforms is not parallel with the American strategies and objective in the region. This paper argues different aspects of these issues and its impacts and implications in the region.

Competence of jurisdictions (whether internal or international) and its boundaries in both civil and criminal cases, is a key issue concerning dispute settlement. Lawyers and - more generally speaking – the whole international society is concerned with the judicial proceeding for infringement by persons states of general international law and human rights. Some countries, due to the lack of an over-potent criminal jurisdiction and taking the limited contentious jurisdiction of ICJ into account, because The Court can only deal with a dispute when the States concerned have recognized its jurisdiction, have extended the competence of their municipal courts to settle these cases in question. The United States of America is one of avant-gardes in this respect. Initially by invoking a very old act and consequently through the enactment of several acts, they have unprecedentedly empowered internal courts to envisage some legal cases. On this paper, by focusing on acts passed by the Congress and the development of judicial jurisprudence, I try to find out how far the lacunae caused by the lack of a competent international tribunal is filled by this American approach.

Powerful forces of global change have directed countries attention to enriched concepts for planning. Leisure is a multi-dimensional concept in the field. This paper while describing different aspects of leisure time, describes its common and differences elements in the various countries. Then, leisure time functions have been evaluated by emphasizing on different aspects and its place in the world. Finally, the necessity to design and implement comprehensive programs by state and interactive and guidance role of institutions and cultural organizations have been emphasized by discussing on the challenges in the individual and collective level of leisure activities in the current era. Comparative research findings indicate that identification, observing the norms, social adaptation and in general, life style can be appropriate indicators for this purpose. According to the learning concept in teens and young periods, it has been suggested that the role of institutions such as the family, school and university should be observed in programming.

Europe Security and Defence Identity (ESDI) is a brainchild of new security regimes formed after Maastricht 1991 in Europe, whereby the European countries are obliged to contribute to the security of the union through developing the ESDI which meets the needs of the continent. This institute not only helps the EU members establish stronger and more moderate relations with the countries across Atlantic Ocean but improves the union as well. Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) which is currently known as Europe Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) constitutes an essential part of common foreign and security policies of EU and includes defence covers and military aspects of the union. To examine the security and defence identity of Europe, Neoclassical Realisms can be applied. Although European Security and Defence Institute is merely 14 years old, since January 2003 to April 2013 it has accomplished 33 military and non-military missions in Europe, Africa and Asia for the purpose of enhancing the global peace and security. Eight of the missions will have been accomplished in 2013, 5 missions in 2014 and 3 missions in 2015 (ISI, EU, 1995, appendix 1). This article extensively examines the background and purpose of European countries for establishing a security and defence institute for EU and assess the status quo of this institute in global society especially its relation with the US and NATO since its birth until 2013.

Economic regionalism in form of regional trade agreements has been dramatically increased since early 1990. These agreements may confer several possible benefits on their partners, including credibility, bargaining power, insurance, and coordination. These diverse agreements range from customs unions to free trade areas to nonreciprocal preferential agreements and differ substantially in their scope and treatment of issues such as labor and capital mobility, investment, and trade on goods as well services.This article addresses the costs and benefits of regional agreements for the order of universal trade through descriptive- analytic way. It focuses on the international law including related international instruments too. It concludes by examining the achievements and effects of North American Free Trade Agreement and the Europe Agreements notably European union. In doing so functions of the mentioned regional arrangements will be taken in to account.This essay shall not only to examine the constructive evolution of economic regionalism by assessment of its interrelation and conflict with the order of universal trade and the negative effects this increasing process faces with, but also to suggest that Economic regionalism may result in progress of universal economy security.